Suchergebnisse

Natural radioactivity -- Source terms and inventories of anthropogenic radionuclides -- Atmospheric dispersion, deposition and redistribution of radioactive materials in the environment -- Source and distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in the marine environment -- The primary photon field from sources in the ground -- Ecological concepts in radioecology : an alternative to Newtonianism -- Nuclide transfer in the agricultural ecosystem -- Marine radioecology -- Radioecology in freshwater system - especially lakes -- Human exposure to radiation via ingestion of food and water -- Assessment of absorbed dose to man and risk estimations -- The effects of radiation on ecosystems and populations -- Sample collection and preparation -- Radiochemical separations -- Determination of physico-chemical forms of radionuclides in natural aquatic systems -- Calibration of high-resolution gamma-ray detectors -- Assessment of beta and alpha particle emitting nuclides -- Whole-body counting -- Statistical treatment of data -- Compartmental modelling in radioecology.

Machine generated contents note: 1. The Scientific Basis / John Twining -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Radioactivity -- 1.3. Radiation science -- 1.4. Environmental radioactivity -- 1.5. Concluding comments -- References -- 2. Radionuclide Behaviour and Transport in the Tropical Atmospheric Environment / John L. McBride -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The large-scale structure and transport processes in the tropics -- 2.3. Cosmogenic and anthropogenic radionuclides -- 2.4. Terrigenic radionuclides -- 2.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3. Mobility of Radionuclides in Tropical Soils and Groundwater / Robert Edis -- 3.1. Introduction and scope -- 3.2. General principles -- 3.3. Properties of tropical soils -- 3.4. Case studies of radionuclide mobility in tropical environments -- 3.5. Factors of significance in the migration of radionuclides in the tropical environment -- 3.6. Overall conclusion -- References -- 4. Tropical Radiochemical Oceanography / Ron Szymczak -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Biogeochemical behaviour of radionuclides in marine systems -- 4.3. Sources and sinks of radionuclides to the tropical oceans -- 4.4. Radionuclides in tropical marine environments -- 4.5. Marine radioactivity databases -- 4.6. Case studies -- 4.7. Summary and conclusions -- References -- 5. Terrestrial Radioecology in Tropical Systems / V. Wasserman -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Tropical soil systems -- 5.3. Agricultural systems -- 5.4. Radioecological concepts and modelling -- 5.5.Compilation and evaluation of TFs for tropical and subtropical systems -- 5.6. Tropical crops -- 5.7. Tropical animals -- 5.8. Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6. Radioecology of Tropical Freshwater Ecosystems: Mechanisms and Kinetics of Bioaccumulation and the Importance of Water Chemistry / John R. Twining -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2.Organism effects at an ecosystem scale -- 6.3. Uptake of radionuclides at the cell surface -- 6.4. Influence of water chemistry on radionuclide bioavailability -- 6.5. Modelling, kinetics, and mechanisms of radionuclide bioaccumulation -- 6.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Radiological Consequences Modelling / Jagoda Crawford -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Radionuclide transfer following atmospheric dispersion -- 7.3.A radiological consequence model suitable for tropical systems -- 7.4. Aquatic pathway dose assessment -- 7.5. Environmental dose assessment and radioecological risk assessment -- 7.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Biogeochemical Mechanisms of the Interaction of Living and Inert Matter with the Radioactive and Chemical Components of the Marine Environment -- 2.1 Basic Physical and Chemical Properties of Radionuclides and Their Isotopic and Non-isotopic Carriers -- 2.2 Structure of Biogeochemical Mechanisms of the Interaction of Living and Inert Matter with the Radioactive and Chemical Components of the Marine Environment -- 2.3 Radioisotope and Chemical Composition of the World's Oceanic Waters. Dilution and Uptake Capacity -- 2.4 Meteorological Factor -- 2.5 Hydrodynamic Factor -- 2.6 Influence of Physicochemical Factors on the Radioisotopic and Chemical Composition of Living and Inert Matter -- 2.6.1 Concentrating Capacity of the Components of Marine Ecosystems -- 2.6.2 Waterborne Radionuclide Concentration -- 2.6.3 Influence of Temperature and Illuminance -- 2.6.4 Influence of Water Salinity -- 2.6.5 Physicochemical State of Isotopes and pH of the Medium -- 2.6.6 Concentration of Isotopic and Non-isotopic Carriers -- 2.6.7 Dimensional Characteristics of Hydrobionts -- 2.6.8 Production Processes and the Specific Biomass of Hydrobionts -- 2.6.9 Role of the Biotic Factor in the Formation of the Radioisotope and Chemical Composition of Waters -- References -- 3 Semi-empirical Theory of Mineral and Radioisotopic Exchange of Living and Inert Matter in the Marine Environment -- 3.1 Prospects for Theoretical Development Based on the Empirical Parametrisation of Models -- 3.1.1 Dynamic Problems -- 3.1.2 Mathematical Models of the Interaction Kinetics of Hydrobionts with Radioactive and Chemical Components of the Marine Environment.

Radioecology in Northern Euroepean Seas summarizes an extensive body of literature on the oceanographic and biological conditions involved in the transfer and accumulation of radionuclides in marine sediment and biota of the Northern European seas. Much of the information has been derived through many decades of investigation carried out by the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. This book presents the original works, augmented and complemented by work conducted by other institutes during the nuclear era. The synthesis of this extensive body of information forms the basis of a new methodological and theoretical framework describing radionuclide bioaccumulation by marine invertebrate and vertebrate animals, paying special attention to marine food webs leading to humans

SAFETY ASSESSMENTS FOR SUPPORTING THE APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY IN INDONESIA AND A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON HIGH NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AREA. Historically BATAN was established to investigate the negative impacts of nuclear explosions previously conducted in the Pacific area. However, this governmental institute is presently tasked to carry out research and development as well as services in the field of radiation safety and metrology. Therefore, this study aim to determine the activities carried out by BATAN in assessing the safety of workers and the environment. For instance, a standard source of dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) is used in calibration services to successfully support radiotherapy, with the highest achievement in the Designated Institute (DI) for Ionizing Radiation. The health research covers the application of gamma rays to create malaria vaccine, diagnose metabolic diseases with nuclear medicine techniques, and microdosimetry through radiodiagnostic assessment. This study also determined the effective dose and epidemiological study of radioecology and radiation biology in Mamuju (HBRA), which provides a unique opportunity to examine the health effects of chronic low-level radiation exposure to humans. Furthermore, the authors collaborated with Hirosaki University to obtain valuable information on the essential need to assess the health and physical status as well as cytogenetic and deoxynucleotide acid (DNA) damages in the lymphocytes of local populations. Dosimetry study was conducted by direct measurement in the field area by analyzing external radiation exposure of indoor and outdoor gamma dose rate. The internal radiation assessment was conducted by taking urine and inhaled air (radon) from the residents. Studies through the cytogenetic response supported by γ-H2AX, G0, and G2 micronucleus assays and TP53 showed no impacts on the natural radiation with significant differences compared to the control. Marine radioecology studies and radionuclides monitoring throughout the Indonesian archipelago showed no negative impacts as well. Nuclear emergency practice needs to be routinely conducted in the Center for strengthening safety and security cultures.

Marine plastic pollution has worsened since the COVID-19 pandemic. Nuclear technology provides a sustainable and scientific approach to tackling this environmental problem. Can it help Southeast Asian countries battle plastic pollution?

Marine plastic pollution poses a serious threat to the global marine ecosystem, according to a recent UN report. Southeast Asia and the broader East Asia region are facing the toughest challenge in this regard. There has been growing momentum in East Asia and the international community to look for solutions, evidenced by the inclusion of the issue in the agenda of G20 Summit in Japan this year. This policy report argues that the solution should be comprehensive and multi-sectoral – that includes not only reduction in the use of single-use plastic products but also better waste management, technological solutions, and sustainable economic models. The political will and collective action of East Asian countries can have a global impact through multilateral channels like the UN system and G20 Summit.

Physical transport and chemical and biological processes in agricultural systems / Gabriele Voigt -- The radioecological significance of semi-natural ecosystems / B.J. Howard and D.C. Howard -- Transport and processes in freshwater ecosystems / Lars Håkanson -- Radioactive contamination of the marine environment / A. Aarkrog -- Impacts on plant and animal populations / F. Ward Whicker -- Roles of micro-organisms in the environmental fate of radionuclides / G.M. Gadd -- The fate and impact of radiocontaminants in urban areas / Jørn Roed, Kasper G. Andersson and Christian Lange -- Internal exposure of populations to long-lived radionuclides released into the environment / M.I. Balonov -- Interactions with human nutrition and other indices of population health / Arrigo A. Cigna -- Biological effects of prenatal irradiation / Christian Streffer -- Late somatic health effects / Herwig G. Paretzke -- Retrospective radiation dose assessment : an overview of physical and biological measures of dose / Marvin Goldman -- Cytogenetic effects as quantitative indicators of radiation exposure / Manfred Bauchinger -- Mental health, stress and risk perception : insights from psychological research / Ortwin Renn.

This study aims to mainstream environmental protection, climate change mitigation, and disaster risk management in the Asian Development Bank's country partnership strategy for Nepal in 2020–2024. It reviews the country's environmental situation, institutional and legislative provisions, status toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and key challenges in creating environmentally sustainable, climate-friendly, disaster-resilient, and socially inclusive economic growth. Based on extensive stakeholder consultations and cause-and-effect analysis, the study recommends updating national and subnational environment policies and ensuring that national, provincial, and local levels of the new federal system are harmonized. Institutional strengthening and capacity building should also be conducted to improve environmental governance.

Pakistan environmental protection act defines hazardous substance and hazardous waste (PEPA, 1997) and based on the same a contaminated site may be described as an area which because of its hazardous contaminants (toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive, radioactive or other characteristics) cause or is likely to cause, directly or in combination with others matters, an adverse environmental effect. Some other national environmental legislations in other countries, reflect somewhat similar broad perception. A contaminated land, according to UK environment protection act 1990 (UK EPA 1990) is, "Any land which appears to the Local Authority in whose area it is situated to be in such a condition, by reason of substances in, on or under the land, that - significant harm is being caused or there is a significant possibility of such harm being caused; or pollution of controlled waters is being, or is likely to be, caused". "Harm" means harm to the health of living organisms or other interference with the ecological systems of which they form part and, in the case of man, includes harm to his property. (UK EPA 1990)). The availability, classification and distribution of contaminants and the hazards that present, differ significantly with location (ACE, 2013). Contaminants comprise of industrial solvents, metals, petroleum by-products, radiological substances, pesticides, leftover from manufacturing processes, along with determined naturally occurring materials such as asbestos. Land contamination has harmful impacts on animal and human wellbeing, on natural environment (such as air and water) as well as inhibits economic growth and the liveliness of local inhabitants (ACE, 2013).

The Philippines and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Cooperation on Oil and Gas Development, demonstrating their willingness to explore joint development as a pathway to collaboration, notwithstanding their territorial disputes. Recent commentaries on joint development are mostly framed on legal challenges, South China Sea (SCS) rows, geopolitics, and state-centric security issues. However, there have been no extensive discussions on the potential contributions from non-state stakeholders that can make joint development agreements environmentally sound, sustainable, and less political. These stakeholders are the oil companies, fishermen and coastal communities. In this regard, this NTS Insight explores potential roles of these stakeholders in promoting joint initiatives to share and develop resources in the SCS. It argues that the engagement and participation of non-state stakeholders in resource sharing and joint management must be pursued to address key non-traditional security challenges in the SCS. It also examines mechanisms to integrate marine environmental protection and sustainable fishing management into joint development agreements.

Decarbonisation is not happening in a vacuum but on a planet already replete with ecological challenges. The material-intensive requirement of low-carbon technologies means more mining, and the currently inadequate recycling capacity means more waste. Existing pressures point to an urgent need to reduce consumption to avert climate and ecological crises.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) faces tremendous challenges regarding the future energy landscape and how the energy transition will embrace a new architecture – including sound policies and technologies to ensure energy access together with affordability, energy security, and energy sustainability. Given the high share of fossil fuels in ASEAN's current energy mix (oil, coal, and natural gas comprise almost 80%), the clean use of fossil fuels through the deployment of clean technologies is indispensable for decarbonising ASEAN's emissions. The future energy landscape of ASEAN will rely on today's actions, policies, and investments to change the fossil fuel-based energy system towards a cleaner energy system, but any decisions and energy policy measures to be rolled out during the energy transition need to be weighed against potentially higher energy costs, affordability issues, and energy security risks. This paper employs energy modelling scenarios to seek plausible policy options for ASEAN to achieve more emissions reductions as well as energy savings, and to assess the extent to which the composition of the energy mix will be changed under various energy policy scenarios. The results imply policy recommendations for accelerating the share of renewables, adopting clean technologies and the clean use of fossil fuels, and investing in climate-resilient energy quality infrastructure.